The Camera

History:

1. Who is credited with taking the first "permanent" photograph?Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in France

2. What specific materials did Louis Daguerre use to create the first "commercial photographic material"?  Heavily polished sheets of silver-plated copper.

3. What type of images is Ansel Adams famous for? Images of landscapes and natural scenes.

4. What are the three fundamental settings you need to understand to be an excellent photographer? Shutter speed, aperture, ISO.

Metering:5. What are the three types of metering modes? Matrix Metering (aka Evaluative Metering), Center-weighted Metering, and Spot Metering.6. When does the article suggest you use "Center-weight" metering? Use this mode when you want the camera to prioritize the middle of the frame, like a headshot of someone.
7. What is one very specific subject does the article suggest would be great for "Spot" metering? The moon.

Camera modes:

8. What are the four Camera Modes?

1. Program (P)
2. Shutter Priority (Tv) or (S)
3. Aperture Priority (Av) or (A)
4. Manual (M)

9. What is the difference between the Aperture and Shutter priority modes?

In “Aperture Priority” mode, you manually set the lens aperture, while the camera automatically picks the right shutter speed to properly expose the image. In “Shutter Priority” mode, you manually set the camera’s shutter speed and the camera automatically picks the right aperture for you, based on the amount of light that passes through the lens. In Aperture mode there is a risk of getting an overexposed or underexposed image.

Focus:

10. What is the difference between Manual and AutoFocus? Autofocus automatically focuses on a subject that you've selected. In Manual focus you have to do it yourself, you can override any issues the camera is having, or make precise adjustments to the camera.

11. Which do you think is best for most circumstances (make sure to answer why you think this)? I think autofocus is best when starting out because you're not occupied with trying to get "the perfect photo" and it's more about learning hoe to take pictures in a timely fashion, so I think autofocus is more beneficial, unless someone has a lot of time on their hands.

Flash:12. When should you use a flash indoors?You can create a primary source of light that is brighter and more pleasant than the dim ambient light, use flash indoors when the lighting is not ideal. You can also use it to photograph details.
13. When should you use a flash outdoors? You may want to use flash outdoors when you begin running out of natural light outdoors, shooting backlit in order to create more depth in the photo, or when the sun may be overpowering your subjects so you can use flash to avoid harsh shadows  and hot spots. You may also want to use flash outdoors when you do not want environmental colors to reflect on or change the look and color of your subject. 

Video:14. Why is using a tripod a good decision? To stabilize your video, in order to make it look more professional.15. Should you use auto focus when shooing video (why or why not)? If you are videoing moving subjects, auto focus is not a bad idea, but when shooting stationary subjects, manual focus is better in order to have more detail on the subject.16. What are the percentages according to the article when deciding to shoot wide, medium and close up (or even extreme close up)?"A good ratio to shoot is 50 percent close-ups and extreme close-ups, 25 percent medium shots, and 25 percent wide shots"

Histogram:17. What is a histogram? A tool on a camera that basically shows you the brightness of an image.

18. What will a "low key" histogram look like? Data showing mostly on the left, the image might appear underexposed.
19. What will a "high key" histogram look like? The majority of of the body of the graph is toward the right, the picture may be overexposed. 
20. What is clipping? Clipping represents the loss of data from a region of an image.